THE  PHILADELPHIA  MUSEUMS 

THE  COMMERCIAL  MUSEUM 


HAND-BOOKS  TO  THE  EXHIBITS 


No.  1 

THE  JAPANESE  EXHIBIT 

Pricey  5  cents 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 


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THE  PHILADELPHIA  MUSEUMS 

THE  COMMERCIAL  MUSEUM 

HAND-BOOKS  TO  THE  EXHIBITS 
No.  1 

THE  JAPANESE  EXHIBIT 


PUBLISHED  BY 

THE  PHILADELPHIA  MUSEUMS 

Price,  5  cents 


Copyright 

by 

THE  PHILADELPHIA  MUSEUMS 


THE  JAPANESE  EXHIBIT 


HAND-BOOK  No.  1 


OUTLINE  MAP  OF  THE  JAPANESE  EMPIRE 


Scale  approximately  600  miles  to  the  inch 


J  A  PAN 


AREA  AND  POPULATION 

The  empire  of  Japan  consists  of  five  and  a  half  large  islands 
and  about  six  hundred  small  ones,  extending  along  the  eastern 
coast  of  Asia  for  a  distance  of  over  2000  miles.  If  placed  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  the  four  main  islands,  (Hondo, 
Yezo,  Shikoku  and  Kiushiu)  would  reach  from  southern 
Georgia  to  Maine,  while  Formosa  would  lie  as  far  south  as 
Cuba,  and  the  Kurile  islands  as  far  north  as  Labrador. 

The  four  main  islands  have  an  area  a  little  larger  than  that 
of  New  England  and  New  York,  and  a  population  of  50,000,- 
000,  or  more  than  half  that  of  the  whole  United  States. 

The  crowding  of  population  has  forced  Japan  to  seek  new 
territory.  As  a  result  of  her  two  recent  wars  she  acquired 
Formosa  from  China  in  1895,  one  half  of  Sakhalin  from  Russia 
in  1905,  and  Korea  (Chosen)  by  peaceful  absorption  in  1910. 
Much  of  Manchuria,  while  not  Japanese  territory,  has  many 
Japanese  settlers  and  is  largely  under  Japanese  influence. 

PROGRESS  IN  GOVERNMENT 

No  country  has  ever,  in  the  history  of  the  world,  made 
such  rapid  progress  in  what  we  call  modern  civilization.  When 
Commodore  Perry  visited  Japan  in  1854,  and  opened  the  ports 
to  western  commerce,  he  found  an  old  and  exclusive  nation. 
The  government  was  in  the  hands  of  powerful  feudal  lords, 
and  the  emperor  was  only  a  figurehead,  living  in  seclusion  at 
Kioto.  In  fifty  years  Japan  has  become  one  of  the  most  pro- 
gressive nations  of  the  earth.  Under  the  guidance  of  wise 
leaders  who  saw  that  the  hope  of  their  country  lay  in  change,  a 
complete  peaceful  revolution  was  accomplished.  The  intense 
patriotism  of  the  Japanese,  led  the  members  of  the  ruling  classes 
to  give  up  their  old  life  with  all  its  powers  and  privileges,  and 

5 


to  adopt  new  forms  and  customs  because  these  would  be  better 
for  their  country.  A  constitution  was  granted  in  1890,  and 
Japan  is  now  a  limited  monarchy  with  a  real  emperor  on  the 
throne.  There  is  a  congress,  with  a  House  of  Peers  composed 
of  nobles  and  a  few  elected  members,  and  a  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives elected  by  a  limited  suffrage  among  the  people. 


ENTRANCE  TO  THE  JAPANESE  EXHIBIT 


COMMERCIAL  PROGRESS 

Japan' s  industrial  and  commercial  progress  during  the  last 
fifty  years  is  simply  astonishing.  Manufacturing  and  mining 
enterprises  were  started  by  the  government  and  then  sold  to 
private  parties  who  carry  them  on  under  wise  regulations. 
Nearly  5000  miles  of  railroad  have  been  built,  almost  all  of 
which  is  owned  by  the  state.  A  post  office  with  universal  free 
delivery  has  been  established.  Foreign  trade  has  grown  from 
practically  nothing  to  a  present  annual  value  of  more  than 
1400,000,000. 

The  Japanese  are  skillful  workmen  and  wonderful  imita- 
tors. They  are  turning  out  to-day  in  their  factories,  many  low- 
priced  articles  which  look  like  goods  exported  from  America 
and  Europe.  The  cheapness  of  labor  is  one  of  the  things 
which  make  this  possible.  Many  children  are  employed  in  the 
factories  who  receive  the  equivalent  of  3  to  7  cents  a  day; 

6 


women  are  paid  10  to  15  cents  a  day,  and  ordinary  laborers  get 
25  to  30  cents  a  day. 

These  wages  are  seventy-five  per  cent  higher  than  those 
paid  ten  years  ago.  Wages  have  risen  as  the  cost  of  living  has 
increased  in  Japan.  Many  thousands  of  country  people  have 
gone  to  the  cities  to  get  the  comparatively  high  wages  paid  in 


FUJIYAMA 

The  sacred  mountain  is  ascended  annually  by  many  thousands  of  devout  pilgrims.    It  is  constantly 
seen  in  paintings  and  embroideries  or  as  a  decorative  design  on  Japanese  pottery. 

the  factories.  A  large  market  has  developed  for  both  domestic 
and  foreign  manufactured  goods,  due  to  the  change  of  condi- 
tions of  life  and  the  increased  ability  to  buy.  At  the  same 
time,  the  low  rate  of  wages  enables  the  manufacturer  to  sell  his 
goods  on  favorable  terms  in  the  markets  of  the  world. 

As  captains  of  industry  there  are  men  in  modern  Japan 

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who  are  the  peers  of  the  richest  men  of  America.  The  house 
of  Mitsui  and  Company  is  a  good  example.  The  business 
which  is  carried  on  by  the  Mitsui  family  was  founded  350  years 
ago.  They  now  have  offices  in  thirty-seven  different  places  in 
Japan  and  in  twenty  foreign  cities.  They  own  eighteen  banks, 
six  large  mining  concessions,  several  stores,  a  fleet  of  seven 


i  •    , 

"BANZAI" 

large  steamers  and  many  smaller  boats.  They  handle  one-third 
of  all  the  coal  mined  in  Japan,  and  one-third  of  the  cotton  yarn 
made  there.  Their  business  amounts  to  one-seventh  of  the 
entire  foreign  trade  of  the  empire. 

Education  in  Japan  has  been  established  upon  the  most 
modern  foundation.  Schools  of  western  type  from  kindergar- 
ten to  university,  have  been  opened.  The  scholars  and  scien- 
tists of  Japan  now  rank  among  the  foremost  thinkers  of  the 
world. 

An  army  and  navy  modeled  after  those  of  Germany  and 
England,  have  been  developed.  The  efficiency  of  both  was 
shown  in  the  recent  war  with  Russia,  not  only  in  the  successful 

8 


fighting,  but  also  in  the  excellent  care  of  the  men  and  the 
almost  perfect  sanitation  and  surgery. 

JAPANESE  COLONIES 

With  the  changes  in  government  and  the  increased  con- 
tact with  other  nations,  came  the  desire  for  territorial  expan- 
sion. This  desire  has  been  gratified.  The  results  of  two 
successful  foreign  wars  have  made  the  Japanese  a  colonial 
people,  and  extended  the  dominion  of  the  emperor  over  an 
area  of  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  square  miles. 

In  1895,  at  the  close  of  the  Chinese  war,  the  island  of 
Formosa  (Taiwan)  was  ceded  to  Japan.  It  is  a  mountainous, 
volcanic  island,  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  long,  lying 
partly  within  the  torrid  zone.  Its  soil  is  rich  and  fertile,  and 
the  mountain  regions  contain  valuable  forests  and  extensive 
deposits  of  gold,  coal  and  petroleum. 

Rice  grows  everywhere  in  the  lowlands,  and  under  an 
improved  system  of  irrigation  the  production  has  so  increased 
as  to  permit  an  export  valued  at  over  $5,000,000  in  1908. 

Other  valuable  crops  are  sugar,  tea  and  opium.  The 
most  important  product  of  Taiwan,  however,  is  camphor. 
Here  the  trees  grow  wild  in  the  forests,  in  such  abundance  as 
to  furnish  practically  all  of  the  world's  supply  of  this  drug. 

The  manufacture  and  sale  of  opium,  salt,  camphor  and 
tobacco  are  government  monopolies,  and  the  trade  has  been  so 
conducted  as  to  put  the  colonial  finances  on  a  self-supporting 
basis  within  fifteen  years. 

Korea,  now  the  province  of  Chosen,  is  the  latest  colony 
to  be  acquired.  By  the  treaty  of  Portsmouth,  Japan  was  given 
a  protectorate  over  the  kingdom,  but  in  1910  the  king  was 
deposed  and  his  land  became  an  integral  part  of  the  Japanese 
Empire. 

Many  reforms  and  improvements  have  already  been 
accomplished.  Banks  have  been  established  in  the  principal 
cities  and  a  stable  currency  introduced.  Railroads  are  being 
built  where  before  there  were  only  bridle  paths.  Large  areas 
of  land  have  been  brought  under  cultivation  which  a  few  years 
ago  were  barren  wastes.    The  soil  is  so  fertile  that  it  is  capable 

9 


of  producing  two  crops  a  year,  but  the  system  of  agriculture  is 
still  very  rude  and  primitive.  The  principal  crops  are  rice, 
beans,  millet,  wheat  and  barley. 

The  raising  of  silkworms  has  received  a  new  impetus  from 
the  Japanese,  and  both  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  product 


improved.  Cotton  raising  has  been  introduced  and,  while  it  is 
hardly  past  the  experimental  stage,  seems  to  promise  rich 
returns  in  the  future. 

Ginseng  culture  is  another  industry  that  promises  to 
become  very  valuable.  It  has  been  practiced  in  a  small  way 
for  many  years.  Korean  ginseng  is  claimed  to  be  the  best  in 
the  world,  and  the  finest  roots  are  worth  their  weight  in  gold 
in  the  markets  of  China.  Its  cultivation  and  preparation  are 
now  a  government  monopoly. 

Large  areas  of  Chosen  are  well  adapted  for  grazing,  and 


JAPANESE  POTTERY 


The  art  of  pottery  making  was  introduced  into  Japan  from  Korea  several  centuries  ago 


10 


an  effort  is  being  made  to  establish  the  raising  of  both  cattle 
and  sheep. 

The  southern  half  of  the  island  of  Sakhalin  was  ceded  to 
Japan  by  Russia  in  1905.  It  has  large  forests  and  some  unde- 
veloped deposits  of  gold  and  coal.  Many  Japanese  families 
have  been  settled  there,  and  supplied  with  grain  and  cattle, 
but  still  this  province  of  Karafuto  is  of  only  potential  value. 

Kwang  Tung  peninsula  and  its  single  port,  Tairen,  is  held 
by  Japan  on  a  ninety-nine  year  lease  from  China.  Its  chief 
value  is  an  entry  for  foreign  goods  into  Manchuria,  and  the 
customs  house  furnishes  a  large  revenue  to  the  Imperial  treasury. 


li 


JAPAN 


This  collection  illustrates  the  people  and  products  of  Japan  as 
they  are  to-day.  The  exhibit  includes  (1)  the  raw  materials  pro- 
duced in  Japan  (cases  1  to  44),  comprising  foods,  fibers,  oils,  etc., 
woods  (cases  57  to  64).     (2)  The  people,  their  houses  and  clothing 


CLEANING  AND  PACKING  RICE 

The  bags  and  ropes  are  made  of  rice  straw 

(cases  52,  53,  55,  65  to  73)  and  the  manufactures  of  the  Empire 
(cases  45  to  51,  74  to  103),  including  mattings,  pottery,  silk,  bronzes 
and  other  art  objects. 
RICE 

In  Japan  rice  forms  a  part  of  every  meal  for  people  who  can 
afford  it.  It  is  the  most  important  crop  of  the  farmer  in  all  places 
where  the  climate  and  soil  are  suitable  for  its  growth.  Many  who 
raise  rice  must  often  eat  a  cheaper  grain,  such  as  barley  or  millet. 

There  are  several  thousand  varieties  known  and  named.  These 
have  developed  from  cultivation,  just  as  different  kinds  of  corn,  peas 
or  apples  are  produced.  The  varieties  grown  in  Japan  may  be  grouped 
into  three  classes:  (a)  Ordinary  or  swamp  rice,  grown  where  the 
fields  can  pe  flooded  either  from  streams  or  by  pumps,     (b)  Upland 

n 


rice,  grown  on  dry  ground.  Inferior  in  quality  and  less  widely  cul- 
tivated, (c)  Glutinous  rice,  a  variety  whose  seed  contains  more 
sugar  and  gluten  than  ordinary  rice. 

Case  1. — Rice  plants,  showing  length  of  the  straw  and  shape  of  the 
head.  Rice  straw  is  used  for  packing,  for  ropes,  to  make  san- 
dals for  the  poorer  people,  and  shoes  for  horses  and  oxen. 


A  GROCERY  STORE 

Selling:  peas,  beans,  carrots,  onions,  eggs  etc.    The  large  tapering  objects  at  the  right  side  aie  bamboo 
sprouts,  a  favorite  green  vegetable 


Case  2.- — A  few  of  the  many  kinds  of  rice.  Grain  with  the  hull 
on  is  called  "paddy."  Glutinous  rice  produces  a  flour  con- 
taining enough  sugar  and  gluten  so  that  it  can  be  made  into  dough. 

Case  3. — Sake,  the  favorite  alcoholic  drink  in  Japan,  is  made  from 
fermented  rice.  It  is  an  indispensable  beverage  at  all  feasts  and 
weddings,  is  usually  drunk  hot  and  is  often  offered  in  sacrifice  to 
the  gods.     It  contains  from  11  to  14  per  cent  of  alcohol 

Case  4. — Cakes,  confectionery,  breakfast  foods  and  army  rations 
made  of  rice  flour.  Note  the  form  of  packages,  evidently  copied 
from  America. 

BARLEY 

Case  5. — Next  to  rice  this  is  one  of  the  most  important  crops  grown 
in  Japan.     It  is  extensively  used  by  all  classes  of  people.  Either 

13 


as  flour  or  whole  grain  it  is  boiled  with  rice  or  soy  beans  and 
forms  a  large  part  of  the  food  of  those  who  cannot  afford  rice. 
Case  6. — "  Yebisu,"  a  Japanese  beer,  brewed  from  barley  by  Ger- 
man methods  and  resembling  German  beer.  The  industry  was 
started  in  1876  and  has  grown  rapidly  until  now  beer  forms  a 
rather  important  article  of  export.  Rye  and  oats  are  very  rarely 
grown  in  Japan. 

WHEAT 

Case  7. — This  is  always  raised  as  a  winter  crop.  There  are  few  va- 
rieties grown  and  the  quality  is  rather  poor. 

MILLET 

In  Japan,  millet  forms  one  of  the  principal  foods  of  the  poor 
people.  In  America  it  is  grown  only  as  feed  for  cattle  and 
poultry.  The  "common  millet"  is  the  kind  known  here  as 
Japanese  millet. 

VERMICELLI 

Case  8. — Made  from  wheat  flour  mixed  with  brine  and  dried  in  the 
sun,  is  used  as  a  delicacy  at  dinners  and  feasts.  It  is  exported 
largely  to  China  and  Korea. 

SOY  BEANS 

Case  9. — Soy  beans  and  other  legumes  are  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant crops  of  the  Japanese  farmer.  They  are  rich  in  nitro- 
gen and  so  to  a  very  large  extent  take  the  place  of  meat.  From 
10  to  IS  per  cent  of  the  cultivated  land  is  occupied  by  this  crop. 
Soy  beans  are  eaten  in  many  forms  but  most  commonly  as 
"Shoyu",  a  sauce  for  meats,  fish  and  rice.  Bean  cake  is  so 
largely  used  as  a  fertilizer  that  large  quantities  are  imported  from 
China.  In  America  soy  beans  are  being  introduced,  but  only  as 
a  cattle  feed  and  fertilizer. 

Case  10. — Peas  and  beans  other  than  soy  find  a  large  place  in  the  diet 
of  a  vegetarian  people.  Peanuts  are  grown  for  the  oil  obtained 
from  them  and  for  the  oil  cake. 

The  intensive  cultivation  of  the  Japanese  farm  makes  the 
question  of  fertilizer  a  very  important  one.  Everything  that  has 
any  possible  manurial  value  is  carefully  saved  and  used. 

CAMPHOR 

Case  11. — Japan  and  Formosa  furnish  nearly  all  the  world's  supply 
of  camphor.  This  tower  which  contains  nearly  a  ton  of  crude 
camphor  illustrates  in  a  striking  way  the  importance  of  the  industry. 


The  production  of  this  drug  is  a  government  monopoly,  and 
so  Japan  can  control  the  price  in  all  the  markets  of  the  world. 

Case  12. — Camphor  is  obtained  by  distillation  from  the  wood  of  a 
large  tree.     One  tree  often  yields  from  one  to  three  thousand 


CUTTING  UP  A  CAMPHOR  LOG 
Chips  of  the  wood  are  distilled  to  obtain  camphor.    This  photograph  was  taken  in  Formosa  and  shows 
native  workmen  of  t he  savage  tribes 


dollars'  worth  of  camphor  and  camphor  oil.  It  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  smokeless  powder  and  celluloid  and  in  medicine. 

FISHING  BOATS 

Case  13. — Thousands  of  small  primitive  fishing  boats  are  used  along 
the  coast  of  Japan.  The  recent  introduction  of  the  most  mod- 
ern type  of  steamboat  has  greatly  stimulated  the  fishing  industry. 
Japan  now  ranks  among  the  first  nations  of  the  world  in  the  pro- 
duction of  fish  and  fish  products.  Fish  forms  the  principal 
animal  food  of  the  people. 

Case  14. — Sacks  of  rice,  bales  covered  with  rice  straw  and  tied  with 
straw  rope  show  how  carefully  every  part  of  the  plant  is  utilized. 

CONFECTIONERY 

Case  15. — Confectionery,  of  which  the  Japanese  are  very  fond,  is 
made  largely  from  rice  flour.     "Ame"  is  made  from  malt  and 

15 


glutinous  rice.  It  was  the  principal  sweetening  material  used  in 
foods  before  the  comparatively  recent  introduction  of  sugar. 
Jellies  and  fancy  cakes  are  popular  and  very  commonly  used. 

SPICES 

Case  16. — Ginger  root  is  eaten  fresh,  preserved,  or  dried  and  ground 
for  spice. 


PICKING  TEA 

A  hillside  plantation  in  Japan 


Turmeric  is  used  as  a  spice  or  as  a  yellow  coloring  agent. 

Chillies  or  red  peppers  are  exported  from  Japan  in  large 
quantities.  They  are  natives  of  America  but  have  been  carried 
all  over  the  world. 

Seaweed  is  gathered  in  enormous  quantities.  Several  forms 
are  eaten  either  raw  or  in  soups  while  some  are  of  value  only  for 
fertilizer  or  for  making  iodine. 

MINOR  FOOD  PRODUCTS 

Case  17. — Fish,  boiled,  boned  and  dried,  then  wrapped  in  rice  straw 
covers  is  a  common  article  of  trade. 

Shark's  fins,  dried  cuttle  fish  and  mushrooms  are  exported 
to  China. 

Kanten,  agar-agar  or  seaweed  gelatin  is  a  product  of  large 

16 


and  growing  importance.  It  is  used  for  food,  for  stiffening  silk, 
in  the  manufacture  of  wine,  beer  and  sake,  and  is  an  indispen- 
sable article  in  all  modern  bacteriological  laboratories.  In  China 
it  forms  a  substitute  for  edible  birds'  nests.  More  than  half  the 
amount  produced  in  Japan  is  exported. 


PICKING  TEA 

A  model  in  the  Japanese  exhibit 

JAPANESE  FRUITS 

Cases  18,  19,  20. — Persimmons  are  the  most  important  and  most 
widely  distributed  fruit.  They  are  eaten  fresh,  dried  or  pre- 
served and  take  the  place  of  our  apples  and  peaches. 

Ginkgo  fruits  could  hardly  be  seen  in  any  other  part  of  the 
world.  The  tree  is  found  only  under  cultivation,  and  is  often 
seen  in  the  groves  about  the  temple. 

Fruits  of  the  Conifers,  Taxus  and  Torreya  are  very  rare 
outside  of  Japan. 

Apples,  pears  and  peaches  are  usually  of  an  inferior  quality. 
VEGETABLE  OILS 
Cases  21,  22. — Sesame  oil  is  the  favorite  cooking  oil  in  Japan. 
Tea-seed  oil  is  the  most  expensive. 

Rape,  peanut  and  cottonseed  oils  are  the  drying  oils,  used 
for  waterproofing  paper  and  in  lacquer,  varnish  and  paint. 

The  seed  cakes  from  which  these  oils  have  been  pressed 
form  valuable  cattle  feeds  and  fertilizers. 

Peppermint  oil  and  menthol  crystals  are  largely  produced  for 
export. 

17 


WAX  BERRIES 

Case  23. — Wax  berries  are  the  fruit  of  different  species  of  Sumac. 
Japan  wax  is  obtained  by  steaming  and  pressing  the  pulp. 

PETROLEUM 

Case  24. — Petroleum  is  produced  in  limited  quantity  in  a  small  dis- 
trict, not  nearly  enough  to  supply  the  home  market. 


FIRING  TEA  . 
A  model  in  the  Japanese  exhibit 


Beeswax  is  unimportant  as  its  place  is  so  largely  taken  by 
vegetable  wax. 

FISH  OILS 

Cases  25,  26. — In  a  country  where  fishing  is  so  important  an  industry 
the  production  of  fish  oils  will  naturally  be  large. 
PAPER 

Cases  27,  28,  29. — In  Japan  paper  serves  all  the  purposes  for  which 
we  use  it  and  more.  It  forms  a  substitute  for  cloth,  oilcloth  and 
leather,  and  even  for  wood,  iron  and  glass.  Leather  paper  is 
made  with  yegoma  oil  and  lacquer.  The  finest  papers  are  made 
from  the  bark  of  the  paper  mulberry  and  some  other  shrubs.  Most 
Japanese  paper  is  unsized  and  is  unsuited  for  writing  with  a  pen. 
FORMOSA  TEA 

Cases  30,  31,  33. — In  the  Japanese  island  of  Formosa,  the  tea  in- 
dustry introduced  from  China  about  sixty  years  ago,  is  rapidly 
growing.    About  90  per  cent  of  the  product  is  exported  to 

18 


America.  Oolong  is  the  better  and  purer  tea.  Pouchong  or 
scented  tea  is  made  of  lower  grade  leaves,  scented  with  flowers 
before  the  final  firing. 

JAPANESE  TEA 

Case  32. — Next  to  rice,  tea  is  the  most  important  agricultural  prod- 
uct of  Japan.     Most  of  that  produced  is  green  tea,  which  is  the 


pure  unfermented  and  uncolored  leaf.     A  large  part  of  the  tea 
exported  comes  to  America. 
BAMBOO 

Platform  34. — Bamboo  is  the  chief  structural  material  used  in 
Japan.  The  many  varieties  vary  in  size  from  large  trees  to  small 
grasses,  and  its  uses  are  as  numerous  as  its  forms  and  sizes. 

MODELS  OF  FRUITS  AND  VEGETABLES 

Case  35. — Burdock  is  eaten  like  carrots  or  turnips. 


TOBACCO 

Case  36. — Tobacco  is  grown  in  many  parts  of  Japan  and  used  by  nearly 
all  the  people  of  both  sexes.  It  is  inferior  in  quality  to  American 
tobacco  and  is  not  largely  exported.  The  cigarette  habit  is  grow- 
ing and  the  boxes  and  cards  evidence  foreign  influence. 


SORTING  TEA 


A  model  in  the  Japanese  exhibit 


Bamboo  shoots  take  the  place  of  asparagus  and  cabbage. 
The  vegetable  sponge  is  eaten  green  like  a  cucumber. 
Lotus  roots  are  boiled  and  used  like  potatoes. 


19 


FIBERS 

Case  37. — Hemp  is  the  oldest  fiber  used  in  Japan.  The  poor  people 
still  wear  some  clothing  made  of  hemp  cloth.  Jute,  flax,  pine- 
apple and  banana  fibers  are  used  to  some  extent.  None  of  these 
are  produced  in  very  large  quantities. 


i 

I 
I 

i 


PACKING  TEA 

A  model  in  the  Japanese  exhibit 

Case  38. — Cotton  is  grown  only  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  islands. 
Not  enough  is  raised  for  home  consumption.  Many  mills  are 
weaving  cotton  cloth,  but  the  raw  material  is  imported,  chiefly 
from  India. 

Case  39. — Ramie  or  China-grass  is  not  a  grass  but  a  nettle.  The 
fibers  from  the  bast  are  woven  into  the  so-called  ' 'grass-cloth. " 
CHIP  BRAID 

Cases  40,  41. — The  production  of  wood  shavings  and  chip  braids  is 
an  industry  of  large  and  growing  importance.    A  large  percentage 
of  the  braid  used  in  America  now  comes  from  Japan. 
BAMBOO  ARTICLES 
Cases  42,  43,  44. — Some  of  the  many  uses  of  this  plant  are  shown 
here.     Its  straight,  jointed  stem,  great  hardness  and  easy  cleav- 
age make  it  fit  for  an  endless  variety  of  articles.     The  boxes 
covered  with  splint  or  straw  mosaic  are  distinctively  Japanese. 
LANTERNS 

Case  45. — Lanterns,  parasols  and  fans  are  made  of  bast  paper.  No 
other  paper  is  both  strong  and  pliant  enough.  Waterproofed 


20 


paper  umbrellas  are  now  being  replaced  by  cotton  ones  made  in 
western  style. 

HATS 

Case  46. — Hats  made  of  rushes  or  split  bamboo  are  exported  in  large 
quantities. 

Tamsui  hats  from  Formosa  are  very  similar  to  Panama  hats 
and  the  manufacture  of  them  is  increasing. 


BAMBOO  WARES  AND  JAPANESE  LADY 
(Cases  42.  43,  44.  73) 


MATTING 

Cases  47-51. — Almost  no  other  floor  covering  than  matting  is  known 
in  Japan.  For  home  use,  mats  six  feet  long,  three  feet  wide  and 
two  inches  thick,  made  of  rice  straw  and  covered  with  rushes  are 
used.  Since  1881  a  large  export  trade  has  been  built  up.  For  this 
trade  the  matting  is  made  thin,  entirely  of  rushes,  and  in  long 
strips.     Two-thirds  of  the  entire  product  now  goes  abroad. 

JAPANESE  HOUSE 

Case  52. — All  Japanese  houses  are  built  of  wood.  In  the  large  cities 
a  few  recent  brick  or  stone  houses  may  be  seen.  Wood  is  cheap 
and  very  easily  worked,  and  a  light  frame  house  is  easy  to  rebuild 
after  an  earthquake.     There  are  no  foundations  except  some 

21 


stones  laid  on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Rooms  are  made  of  a 
size  to  fit  a  definite  number  of  floor  mats.  Walls  and  partitions 
are  of  paper  screens,  protected  by  movable  wooden  shutters. 

BELL  TOWER 

Case  53. — Towers  like  this  are  common  in  the  courts  of  Shinto  tem- 
ples. The  large,  bronze  bells  hung  in  them  are  rung  as  a  part 
of  the  worship,  not  to  call  the  people  together. 


* 


1 

INTERIOR  OF  HOUSE 
Showing  sleeping  arrangements,  soft  matting,  quilts,  etc.    The  wall  is  of  paper  screens. 
The  hard  wooden  pillows  are  used  to  avoid  mussing  the  hair 

IVORY  CARVINGS 

Case  54  — Japanese  sculpture  excels  in  perfection  of  detail  and 
beauty  of  finish.  Small,  delicately  carved  bits  of  ivory  are  the 
delight  of  the  artist.  To  the  western  mind,  the  work  seems  to 
lack  strength,  dignity  and  originality. 

JINRIKSHA 

No.  55. — The  Jinriksha  is  the  common  carriage  for  pleasure  or  travel 
in  Japan.  It  is  a  modern  invention  (1867),  but  is  used  to-day 
wherever  there  are  roads.  In  the  hill  country  a  carrying  chair 
takes  its  place.     The  word  means  "man-power  vehicle." 

JAPANESE  EGRET 

Case  56. — The  Japanese  egret  is  a  white  heron  similar  to,  but  smaller 

22 


than  the  American  species.  None  of  the  egrets  (aigrets)  of 
commerce  come  from  Japan.  Most  of  them  are  obtained  in 
India,  some  from  South  America  and  a  very  few  from  Florida. 

WOODS 

Cases  57-64. — Japan  has  more  species  of  trees  than  any  other  region 
of  equal  area  in  the  world.  About  72  per  cent  of  the  country  is 
covered  with  forests.    The  universal  use  of  wood  for  buildings, 


AINU 

The  primitive  race  of  people  who  live  in  the  northern  island  (Yezo  or  Hokkaido)  are  entirely  different 
from  the  Japanese.    Their  clothing,  as  shown  in  the  picture,  is  of  cloth  woven  by  themselves, 
and  the  patterns  are  distinctive  of  their  race  and  standing. 

with  the  resulting  fires,  and  the  fact  that  wood  is  almost  the  only 
fuel,  make  the  consumption  enormous.  Tree  planting  has  been 
practiced  for  centuries  and  scientific  forestry  is  now  carried  on. 
Much  of  the  timber  land  is  under  government  protection. 

Wood  carving  and  inlaying  have  been  highly  developed  and 
very  artistic  results  obtained.  The  carved  eagle  on  top  of  the 
cases  is  a  good  example.  It  was  made  by  a  deaf  and  dumb  boy 
in  one  of  the  government  schools. 

Matches,  in  boxes  copied  from  western  factories,  and 
veneering  are  articles  of  export. 

23 


CLOTHING 

Cases  65-71. — Japanese  men  wear  divided  skirts  and  narrower  obis 
than  the  women. 

Dull,  quiet  colors  are  worn  by  adults  and  brighter  ones  by 
children.     The  usual  materials  are  cotton  and  silk. 

Note  the  child's  sleeping  mat  and  quilt  made  like  a  padded 


JAPANESE  CLOTHING 

(Cases  65  to  72) 

overcoat  with  sleeves.  The  bright  colored  silk  kimonos  are 
made  only  for  export. 

Shoes  and  sandals  are  made  of  rice  straw,  wood,  leather  or 
silk.    They  are  always  removed  on  entering  the  house  or  any 
public  building. 
JAPANESE  GENTLEMAN 
Case  72. — This  figure  shows  a  business  man  in  his  every-day  dress. 
The  dark  colors  and  plain  materials  are  characteristic.     Note  the 
family  crest  printed  on  the  back  and  on  each  sleeve  of  the  haori. 
Many  business  men  now  wear  clothes  cut  in  American  styles,  but 
still  prefer  their  native  garments  for  home  wear  and  comfort. 
JAPANESE  LADY 
Case  73. — A  woman  of  the  better  class  in  ordinary  house  dress. 
The  showiest  part  of  the  costume  is  the  "Obi"  or  sash  with  its 

24 


elaborate  arrangement,  the  form  of  which  shows  that  this  is  a 
married  woman.  Note  the  fancy  hair  dressing  and  ornaments, 
the  very  apparent  use  of  paint  and  powder  and  the  crests  on  back 
and  sleeves  of  the  kimono. 

CERAMICS 

Cases  74-78  — The  highly-colored,  elaborately-decorated  wares  shown 
here  are  made  only  for  export,  and  would  not  be  salable  in 


SILKWORM 


Japan.  Common  people  use  a  cheap  ware  with  plain  blue 
figures,  and  the  richer  folk  buy  egg-shell  porcelain  or  the  fine 
crackled  ware.  There  are  many  potteries  in  different  parts  of 
the  country.  The  art  of  making  porcelain  was  introduced  from 
China  about  the  twelfth  century. 

VASE  OF  ARITA  WARE 

Case  79. — This  is  an  unusually  large  and  valuable  specimen.  Pieces 
of  this  size  are  made  in  sections,  which  are  dovetailed  and  ce- 
mented together  before  the  final  firing.  The  clay  is  molded  by 
hand  without  the  aid  of  machinery.  The  decoration  is  a  very 
elaborate  polychrome  enamel.  Arita  is  a  town  where  some  of 
the  finest  porcelain  is  made. 
VASE  OF  GOJO  WARE 

Case  80. — An  unique  example  of  a  glaze  and  decoration  that  is 
becoming  very  rare.  This  vase  would  be  admired  in  Japan  far 
more  than  the  larger  one.  The  town  of  Gojo  produces  porce- 
lain of  high  quality. 

25 


SILK 

Cases  81-83. — Silk  is  the  most  valuable  commercial  product  of  Japan. 
The  care  of  silkworms  is  the  work  of  the  wives  and  daughters 
of  farmers  on  the  island  of  Hondo.  Cocoons  are  taken  to 
factories  to  be  reeled.  This  work  used  to  be  done  in  the  homes 
of  the  growers. 


REELING  SILK  FROM  COCOONS 


A  large  part  of  the  product  is  shipped  to  America  as  raw 
silk  and  silk  waste.  Silk  cloth  is  woven  for  home  use  but  com- 
paratively little  is  exported.  There  is  also  a  large  trade  in  silk- 
worm eggs  to  supply  the  growers  of  southern  Europe.  Neither 
the  silkworm  nor  the  mulberry  tree  is  a  native  of  Japan.  Both 
were  introduced  from  China  about  289  A.  D. 

(In  the  middle  building,  as  a  part  of  the  monographic  exhibit  of  silk  is 
a  model  of  a  large  silk  factory  at  Osaka,  Japan.  All  the  opera- 
tions from  hatching  the  eggs  to  packing  the  reeled  silk  for  export 
are  shown. 

The  conditions  surrounding  laborers  in  the  factories  in  Japan  may  also 
be  seen. ) 

METAL  WORK 

Cases  84-86. — Beautiful  work  in  bronze,  especially  temple  ornaments 
and  incense  burners,  is  produced  in  great  abundance. 

26 


During  feudal  times  in  Japan,  artists  who  worked  in  metal 
gave  nearly  all  their  attention  to  armor  and  swords.  Some  of 
the  inlaid  blades  are  now  very  valuable. 

Cloisonne,  or  cell  enamel,  is  a  highly  developed  art.  The 
design  is  outlined  with  strips  of  brass  soldered  to  the  surface  of 
the  copper  vessel.    Then  the  cells  are  filled  with  enamel  colored 


HARVESTING  SILK  COCOONS 
Gathering  cocoons  from  the  racks  of  straw  on  which  the  silk  worms  were  placed  when 
they  were  ready  to  spin 


with  mineral  pigments  and  the  whole  is  fired.  Often  as  many 
as  four  enamelings  and  firings  are  necessary.  After  the  last 
firing  the  surface  is  ground  smooth  and  polished. 

MINERALS 

Case  87. — All  mineral  deposits  in  Japan  are  controlled  by  the  gov- 
ernment. The  chief  minerals  mined  in  order  of  their  value  are 
copper,  coal,  iron,  gold,  silver,  sulphur  and  lead.  Coal  and 
petroleum  (see  case  24)  are  found  in  a  few  districts.  Clays 
suitable  for  pottery  occur  in  several  regions. 

LACQUER  WORK 

Cases  88-90. — The  most  distinctively  Japanese  of  all  the  decorative 
arts  is  the  lacquer  work.    Great  skill  in  this  method  of  decora- 

27 


tion  has  existed  in  Japan  for  centuries.  The  lacquer  varnish  is 
made  from  the  sap  of  a  species  of  rhus  or  sumac. 

Wooden  articles  are  covered  with  many  layers  of  this  var- 
nish; each  layer  is  dried,  rubbed  down  and  polished.  The  pro- 
duction of  a  single  piece  may  take  many  days  or  months.  A 
cheaper  grade  is  made,  using  paper  instead  of  wood.  Lacquered 
dishes  are  not  injured  by  boiling  water  or  acids,  and  are  used 
for  serving  hot  soups  and  rice. 

Note  the  tray  with  natural  maple  leaves  laid  on  under  the 
lacquer. 
FANS 

Case  91. — Fans  made  of  silk  or  paper,  some  of  them  beautifully 
ornamented,  are  used  by  both  sexes  in  Japan.     The  more  highly 
colored  ones  are  fit  only  to  sell  to  ignorant  foreigners  and  not  to 
artistic  Japanese. 
SCHOOL  SUPPLIES 

Case  92. — Education  has  developed  rapidly  since  the  opening  of  the 
country  in  1854.  Western  schools  from  kindergarten  to  uni- 
versity have  been  adopted  and  adapted.  English  is  taught  in 
most  of  the  schools  and  text  books  printed  in  English  are  used  in 
the  higher  departments. 
(WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 

Case  93. — Japan  has  a  decimal  system  of  weights,  measures  and 
money.     Measures  of  capacity  must  be  square  and  have  the 
official  stamp  burned  into  their  four  sides.     Nearly  all  weighing 
is  done  with  steelyards.     The  abacus  is  still  used  for  computation. 
TOYS 

Case  94. — Japanese  parents  make  much  of  their  children  and  furnish 
them  a  great  variety  of  toys.     Kites  are  flown  by  men  as  well  as 
boys.     Toys  are  largely  exported,  and  many  of  those  seen  in  our 
stores  are  from  Japan. 
BIRDS 

Case  95. — Only  a  few  of  the  native  varieties  of  birds  are  shown  here. 
Many  of  the  genera  are  common  in  America  but  the  species  are 
quite  different. 
TOOLS 

Cases  96,  97. — Japanese  saws  and  planes  are  made  to  cut  when  the 
carpenter  draws  them  toward  him. 

Note  the  drill  worked  with  a  twisted  cord,  the  variety  of 
trowels  and  chisels  and  the  hammers  for  various  purposes. 


PICTURES 

No.  98. — Here  are  some  fine  examples  of  Japanese  work.  The 
hand-colored  photographs,  besides  being  beautiful  pictures,  show 
the  dress  and  occupations  of  the  people,  their  homes,  cities  and 
temples  and  some  of  the  scenery  of  their  land. 

The  paintings  show  illustrations  used  in  the  schools  and 
some  art  studies  by  school  pupils. 

On  the  second  floor  there  is  a  collection  of  paintings  by 
some  of  the  best  modern  artists  in  Japan.  Those  of  the  older 
style  are  painted  on  silk  and  show  Japanese  art  unmodified  by  west- 
ern ideas.  Others  are  by  Japanese  artists  who  have  studied  in 
Paris  and  show  plainly  the  influence  of  foreign  training. 

There  is  also  a  number  of  large  photographs  showing  Jap- 
anese industries. 
ART  TEXTILES 
Cases  99-103. — In  Japan  very  few  women  do  embroidery.  All  the 
finest  pieces  are  the  work  of  men  and  boys.  Pictures  woven 
into  uncut  velvet  are  used  as  wall  hangings,  and  screens  are  deco- 
rated with  either  the  needle  or  the  brush.  (See  the  large  embroi- 
dered screen  in  case  68. ) 

Much  drawn  work  is  made  in  Japan  in  imitation  of  Mexican 
work. 

"Habutai,"  a  thin  silk  much  like  China  silk,  is  manufactured 
for  export. 

Do  not  overlook  the  paintings  and  velvet  wall  hangings  ar- 
ranged on  the  tops  of  the  cases. 


29 


MAIN  FRONT 
THE  PHILADELPHIA  MUSEUMS 
THE  COMMERCIAL  MUSEUM 


THE  COMMERCIAL  MUSEUM  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


is  a  public  institution,  developed  and  controlled  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Philadelphia  Museums,  under  City  and  State  legislation,  and  responsible  to  the 
Mayor  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  located  along  the  Schuylkill  River,  in  that  part  of 
the  city  known  as  West  Philadelphia,  occupying  three  buildings  with  a  floor  space 
of  200,000  square  feet.  The  institution  is  supported  by  appropriations  by  the 
City  of  Philadelphia  and  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  and  by  subscriptions  from  the 
manufacturers  of  the  country  making  systematic  use  of  its  service. 

The  objects  of  the  Philadelphia  Commercial  Museum  are  to  disseminate  in 
this  country  a  wider  knowledge  and  appreciation  of  the  customs  and  conditions  of 
other  nations  and  peoples,  and  to  promote  commerce  of  the  United  States  with 
foreign  countries.  The  institution  conducts  its  work  through  three  administrative 
divisions:  the  Foreign  Trade  Bureau,  the  Library  of  Commerce  and  Travel  and 
the  Scientific  Department. 

The  Foreign  Trade  Bureau 

has  for  its  sole  object  the  development  of  the  international  commerce  of  the 
United  States.  It  does  this  by  encouraging  individual  manufacturers  who  are 
equipped  to  handle  the  business,  to  extend  the  market  for  their  wares  to  foreign 
countries,  and  then  by  assisting  them  in  a  very  practical  manner  in  inaugurating 
and  developing  that  trade.  The  assistance  given  is  in  the  natuie  of  live  and  prac- 
tical information  on  every  phase  of  export  trade — its  elementary  features  as  well  as 
its  technicalities.  Large  and  increasing  numbers  of  inquiries  are  received  daily 
from  foreign  firms  asking  for  the  names  of  makers  of  particular  lines  of  goods  in 
the  United  States,  and  asking  to  be  placed  in  touch  with  the  proper  manufacturers. 
Inquiries  of  this  nature  are  always  cordially  invited;  they  are  promptly  answered 
and  without  charge.  The  Bureau  also  has  a  publication  service  issuing  regularly  two 
journals.  Commercial  America,  published  in  both  English  and  Spanish,  circulates 
abroad  with  the  purpose  of  inviting  the  attention  of  foreign  merchants  to  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  United  States  as  a  country  in  which  to  procure  goods.  The 
Weekly  Export  Bulletin  is  a  confidential  publication,  circulating  only  among  sub- 
scribers to  the  Bureau,  with  the  purpose  of  informing  them  of  the  wants  of  foreign 
importers  and  merchants. 

The  Library  of  Commerce  and  Travel 

is  a  practical  consulting  library.  On  file  are  the  official  statistics  and  similar 
documents  of  nearly  all  foreign  countries,  the  consular  reports  of  all  countries 
which  publish  the  same,  books  on  commerce,  industry,  production,  exploitation, 
distribution,  travel  and  exploration,  and  similar  topics,  directories  of  foreign  cities 
and  industries,  and  a  large  number  of  the  best  trade  journals  published  throughout 
the  world.  This  library  is  one  of  the  most  complete  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  of 
great  assistance  to  the  manufacturer  and  business  man,  the  general  reader  and 
investigator,  and  invaluable  to  the  staff  of  the  institution. 

The  Scientific  Department 

is  charged  with  the  very  important  educational  and  strictly  museum  work  of  the 
institution,  a  work  which  it  does  through  exhibits,  miniature  museums  and  lectures. 
The  exhibits  installed  in  the  main  buildings  of  the  institution  cover  the  commer- 
cial materials  of  the  world,  the  imports  and  exports,  and  illustrate  the  manners  and 
customs  of  foreign  countries.  The  main  purpose  of  these  exhibits  is  to  portray  in 
a  vivid  fashion  the  products  and  peoples  of  foreign  lands.  There  have  been  dis- 
tributed among  the  schools  of  the  state  more  than  2,000  miniature  museums,  com- 
prising commercial  products,  photographs,  maps,  etc.  There  has  also  been 
developed  a  system  of  daily  illustrated  lectures  to  the  schools,  delivered  in  the 
Lecture  Hall  of  the  institution  by  members  of  the  staff.  Free  illustrated  lectures 
on  topics  connected  with  geographical  description  and  travel  are  offered  weekly 
during  a  large  part  of  the  year. 


BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  OF  THE 

PHILADELPHIA  MUSEUMS 


JOHN  K.  TENER, 
RUDOLPH  BLANKENBURG, 
H.  C.  RANSLEY, 
GEORGE  McCURDY, 
HENRY  R.  EDMUNDS, 
DR.  MARTIN  G.  BRUMBAUGH, 
DR.  NATHAN  C.  SCHAEFFER, 
ROBERT  S.  CONKLIN, 


-OFFICIO 

Governor  of  Pennsylvania. 

Mayor  of  Philadelphia. 

President  of  Select  Council. 

President  of  Common  Council 

President  of  the  Board  of  Public  Education. 

Superintendent  of  Public  Schools. 

State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 

State  Forestry  Commissioner. 


BY  APPOINTMENT 

DANIEL  BAUGH.  W.  S.  HARVEY. 

WILSON  H.  BROWN.  W.  W.  SUPPLEE. 

THEODORE  N.  ELY.  W.  T.  TILDEN. 

HOWARD  B.  FRENCH.  CHARLES  F.  WARWICK. 

ELLIS  A.  GIMBEL.  W.  P.  WILSON. 

SIMON  GRATZ.  SYDNEY  L.  WRIGHT. 


OFFICERS  OF 

W.  S.  HARVEY, 
CHARLES  F.  WARWICK, 
DANIEL  BAUGH, 
WILFRED  H.  SCHOFF, 


THE  BOARD 

President. 

Vice-President  and  Counsel. 
Treasurer. 

Secretary  and  Assistant  Treasurer. 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

W.  W.  SUPPLEE,  Chairman. 
DANIEL  BAUGH.  THEODORE  N.  ELY. 

WILSON  H.  BROWN.  W.  S.  HARVEY. 


DIRECTOR  OF  THE  MUSEUMS 

W.  P.  WILSON,  Sc.D. 


CURATOR 

CHARLES  R.  TOOTHAKER 


LIBRARIAN 

JOHN  J.  MACFARLANE 


CHIEF  OF  THE  FOREIGN  TRADE  BUREAU 
DUDLEY  BARTLETT 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  COMMERCIAL  MUSEUM 

Philadelphia 


Commercial  America  and  America  Comer* 
cial.  A  monthly  illustrated  journal  in 
English  and  Spanish  editions,  published 
for  circulation  among  merchants  in  all 
countries,  to  inform  them  concerning 
American  manufactures.  $2.00  per  year, 
either  edition. 

Weekly  Export  Bulletin,  published  every 
week,  for  circulation  among  American  man- 
ufacturers and  exporters,  to  inform  them  of 
foreign  trade  opportunities  reported  to  the 
Commercial  Museum.  limited  to  members 
of  the  Foreign  Trade  Bureau. 

Foreign  Trade  Figures.  A  Collection  of  Statis- 
tics covering  some  Features  of  the  World's 
Commerce  and  Indicating  the  Share  in  it  of 
the  United  States.    24  pp.,  paper  covers. 

Commerce  of  the  World,  1910.  An  increase 
of  50  per  cent,  over  1900.  Imports  and  Ex- 
ports of  Leading  Nations.  By  John  J.  Mac- 
farlane,  Librarian.   October,  1911. 

The  World's  Commerce  and  American  In- 
dustries. Graphically  Illustrated  by  Eighty- 
six  Charts.  Prepared  by  John  J.  Macfar- 
lane,  A.M.,  Librarian.  112  pp.,  paper  covers. 
1903. 

Conversion  Tables  of  Foreign  Weights,  Meas- 
ures and  Moneys  with  comparisons  of  prices 
per  pound,  yard,  gallon  and  bushel  in 
United  States  money;  with  prices  per  Kilo, 
Meter,  Liter,  Hectoliter,  etc.,  in  Foreign 
Moneys.  By  John  J.  Macfarlane,  A.  M., 
Librarian.    (In  preparation.) 

Patent  Laws  and  Trade  Marks  of  Leading 
Countries  of  the  World.  41  pp.,  paper 
covers.   October,  1899. 

Commerce  of  Latin  America.  A  Brief  Statis- 
tical Review.   20  pp.  1903. 

Paper  and  Pulp;  World's  Export  Trade.  50  pp. 
paper  covers.   April,  1900. 

Cotton  Manufactures:  The  World's  Cotton 
Trade  and  United  States  Production.  By 
John  J.  Macfarlane.  15  pp.,  paper  covers. 
May.  1907. 

Manufactures  of  Cotton.    World's  Export 

Trade.   35  pp.,  paper  covers.  1900. 
The  Commercial  Museum  of  Philadelphia. 

By  Wilfred  H.  Schoff ,  Secretary.  18  pp.  1910. 

The  Last  Speech  of  President  McKinley  at 
Buffalo,  Sept.  5,  1901.  With  extracts  from 
previous  speeches  regarding  the  Philadel- 
phia Commercial  Museum.  7  pp.,  paper 
covers.   October,  1901. 

Manufacturing  in  Philadelphia,  1683-1912. 
Handsomely  illustrated  with  photographs 
of  the  principal  manufacturing  plants  in 
Philadelphia.  By  John  J.  Macfarlane,  A.M., 
Librarian.  Cloth  bound,  101  pp.  1912.  |0.50. 

Industrial  Philadelphia :  From  the  Infant  In- 
dustries of  Two  Centuries  Ago  to  the  Giant 
of  To-day.  By  John  J.  Macfarlane,  Libra- 
rian.   12  pp.,  paper  covers.  1912. 

Textile  Industries  of  Philadelphia,  With  a 
Directory  of  the  Textile  and  Yarn  Manu- 
facturers located  in  Philadelphia.  By  John 
J.  Macfarlane.  1910-1911.  50  pp.,  paper 
covers.    Out  of  print. 

Pan-American  Commercial  Congress.  Report 
of  the  Meeting  of  the  International  Advisory 
Board.  Dedication  of  the  Museums  by 
President  McKinley.  226  pp.,  paper  covers. 
1897.  $0.75. 


Proceedings  of  the  International  Commercial 
Congress.  A  conference  of  representatives 
from  the  governments  and  commercial 
bodies  of  nearly  every  country  in  the  world, 
invited  through  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, by  the  Philadelphia  Commercial 
Museum,  which  organized  simultaneously 
the  Nat  onal  Export  Exposition,  to  stimu- 
late the  American  movement  for  wider 
foreign  markets.  441  pp.,  cloth  binding 
richly  illustrated.   1899.  $2.00. 

Proceedings  of  the  National  Export  Trade 
Convention,  held  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Philadelphia  Commercial  Museums,  at 
Philadelphia,  December  12,  1911.  80  pp., 
paper  covers,  $0.25. 

A  Few  Canal  Facts.  Compiled  by  the  Phila- 
delphia Commercial  Museum,  Nov.,  1S07, 
for  the  organizing  conference  of  the  Atlantic 
Deeper  Waterways  Association.  5  pp. 

Foreign  Commercial  Guide— South  America. 
By  Edward  J.  Cattell,  assisted  by  H.  S. 
Morrison  and  A.  C.  Kaufman.  284  pp.,  with 
outline  map  of  each  republic;  cloth  bind- 
ing.   1908.  $2.00. 

The  Republic  of  Guatemala.  By  Gustavo 
Niederlein.  63  pp.,  with  map;  paper  covers. 
1898. 

The  State  of  Nicaragua  of  the  Greater  Re- 
public of  Central  America.  By  Gustavo 
Niederlein.  93  pp.,  paper  covers.  1898. 

The  Republic  of  Costa  Rica.  By  Gustavo 
Niederlein.   127  pp.,  paper  covers.  1898. 

The  Philadelphia  Museums  Scientific  Bul- 
letin, No.  1.  Contributions  to  the  Herpet- 
ology  of  New  Grenada  and  Argentina. 
With  Descriptions  and  new  Forms.  By 
Edward  D.  Cope.  Philadelphia.  1899.  $0.25. 

Notes  on  the  Madagascar  Collection.  15  pp., 
illustrated,  paper  covers.   1906.   5  cents. 

Hand-book  to  the  Japanese  Exhibits — No.  1. 
For  the  guidance  of  visitors  to  the  Japanese 
exhibits  in  the  Philadelphia  Commercial 
Museum.  32  pp.,  illustrated,  1912.   5  cents. 

The  School  Museum  in  its  Relation  to  Geog- 
raphy and  Commerce.  By  Charles  R. 
Toothaker,  Curator.  Practical  Suggestions 
for  School  Teachers.  27  pp.,  paper  covers. 
Free  on  application.  1911. 

The  Periplus  of  Hanno ;  a  Voyage  of  Discov-  ' 
ery  Down  the  West  African  Coast  by  a 
Carthaginian  Admiral  of  the  Fifth  Century 
B.  C.  Translated  by  Wilfred  H.  Schoff, 
A,  M.,  Secretary.  Illustrated,  32  pp.,  richly 
printed  in  two  colors  on  Strathmore  Japan 
paper  and  covers.   1912.  $0.25. 


BY  OTHER  PUBLISHERS 

Commercial  Raw  Materials.  By  Charles  R. 
Toothaker,  Curator  of  the  Commercial 
Museum.  Boston:  Ginn  &  Co.,  108  pp., 
1905,  $1.25. 

The  Periplus  of  the  Erythraean  Sea;  Travel 
and  Trade  in  the  Indian  Ocean  by  a  Mer- 
chant of  the  First  Century :  Translated 
from  the  Greek  and  annotated  by  Wilfred 
H.  Schoff,  A.M.,  Secretary  of  the  Commer- 
cial Museum.  328  pp.,  with  colored  map, 
cloth  binding.  New  York:  Longmans, 
Green  &  Co..  1912,  $2.00. 


